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Orthologs are homologous genes found in different species that share a common ancestor due to speciation events. Homologs are genes with a common ancestral origin, which can be further classified into orthologs and paralogs. Unlike paralogs, which arise from gene duplication within a genome, orthologs result from gene duplication before speciation. They often retain similar…
The metric base unit for mass is the kilogram (kg), defined as the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, a physical artifact kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The kilogram is a fundamental unit in the International System of Units (SI), which is used to measure physical quantities worldwide. It is the…
BME, an abbreviation for Biomedical Engineering, blends engineering principles with healthcare to develop medical technologies and devices that improve human well-being. BME engineers apply physics, mathematics, and engineering disciplines to understand biology and medicine, working closely with medical professionals to develop solutions to healthcare challenges. Through its advancements in medical devices, implants, and diagnostic tools,…
Aquifers, underground layers of water-bearing rock or soil, are essential freshwater sources. There are two main types: unconfined aquifers and confined aquifers. Unconfined aquifers have permeable surfaces, allowing water to enter directly from precipitation and surface water. The water table, the upper boundary of the saturated zone, fluctuates with rainfall. Confined aquifers are sandwiched between…
Enzymes, essential macromolecules in biochemical reactions, are proteins composed of amino acids. Their specific amino acid sequence determines their structure, enabling the formation of active sites that recognize and bind substrates. Enzymes act as catalysts, accelerating reactions by lowering activation energies. Substrates bind to active sites, and amino acid residues facilitate their transformation into products,…
Cells that require high energy for their functions, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, liver cells, cardiac muscle cells, adipocytes, spermatozoa, and oocytes, have more mitochondria than others. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Cells actively engaged in cellular respiration, like muscle and nerve cells, have a…
DIY, an abbreviation for “Do It Yourself,” refers to the concept of completing tasks or projects independently without the assistance of professionals. DIY projects range from basic repairs to creative endeavors, allowing individuals to gain a sense of self-reliance, build practical skills, and explore their creativity. While distinct from home improvement projects, DIY often overlaps…
The least dense layer of Earth is the mesosphere, located between 50-85 kilometers above the surface. It has the lowest density due to its high altitude and low atmospheric pressure. The mesosphere is characterized by cold temperatures, low oxygen levels, and frequent meteor activity. It also hosts noctilucent clouds, which are rare and luminous clouds…
Hydrogen, the cornerstone of chemistry, holds the unique distinction of having only one proton. The atomic number, which defines an element’s identity, is 1 for hydrogen. Protons, the positively charged subatomic particles that reside in the nucleus, determine the chemical behavior of elements. Hydrogen’s nucleus comprises one proton, along with one electron orbiting around it….
Fermentable carbohydrates are complex sugars that feed beneficial bacteria in the gut. They come in various forms, including dietary fiber and prebiotics. Fermentation by bacteria produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that nourish gut cells, enhance immune function, and reduce digestive issues. FODMAPs, a type of fermentable carbohydrate, may cause discomfort in some individuals. Including fermentable…
